EXPORT FIGURES OF OLIVE OIL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU-27)
EXPORT FIGURES OF OLIVE OIL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU-27)
1 notes
Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain are the most representative olive oil exporters from the European Union to other countries. They cover around 70% of global olive oil exports and around 70% are extra virgin olive oil.
In the 2019/2020 crop year, extra-EU exports of olive oil reached 820 663 tonnes for an estimated value of €2.6932 billion (+15.8% and -0.1% , respectively, compared to the previous crop year). Intra-EU exports reached 1 056 941 tonnes for an estimated value of €2.6622 billion (+12.9% and -3.1%, respectively, compared to the previous crop year).
In December of the 2020/2021 crop year, the unit value index of extra-EU exports stood at 75 (+10% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.6% compared to the previous month).
Also in December of the 2020/2021 crop year, the unit value of extra-EU exports stood at €337 per 100kg (-3.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or +4% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 64 153.1 tonnes (+22.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -11.9% compared to the previous month).
Extra-EU exports mainly went to Australia(+17.2%), Brazil(+14.1%), Canada(+58.7%), China(-7.3%), Japan(-15.1%), Republic of Korea(-20.6%), Russian Federation(-1.5%), United kingdom(+83.8%), United States(+29.4%), compared to the same period the previous crop year.
By country, Spanish exports of olive oil reached 1 118 074 tonnes in the 2019/2020 crop year for an estimated value of €2.7962 billion, placing it in first place followed by Italy with 355 358 tonnes and €1.3574 billion ; Portugal with 208 919 tonnes and €588.9 millions ; and Greece with 160 856 tonnes and €450.7 millions.
The IOC’s figures for Spain from December of the 2020/2021 crop year put the unit value index of exports at 78 (+25.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.9% compared to the previous month).
The unit value of extra-EU exports stood at €290 per 100kg (-1.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +4.7% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 37 208.8 tonnes (+25.6% compared to the same period previous crop year or -10.1% compared to the previous month).
Spanish exports mainly went to Australia(+7.9%), Brazil(+23.4%), Canada(+271.4%), China(+6%), Japan(-25%), Republic of Korea(-16.1%), Russian Federation(+4.2%), United kingdom(+122.9%), United States(+22.3%), compared to the same period the previous crop year.
The unit value of intra-EU exports stood at €247 per 100kg (+7.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.4% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 45 284.1 tonnes (+6.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -6.7% compared to the previous month).
The IOC’s figures for Italy from December of the 2020/2021 crop year put the unit value index at 81.7 (+8.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.2% compared to the previous month).
The unit value of extra-EU exports stood at €411 per 100kg (-5.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.4% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 18 763 tonnes (+22.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or -4.3% compared to the previous month).
Extra-EU exports mainly went to Australia(+34.3%), Brazil(-20.3%), Canada(+15.2%), China(-57.5%), Japan(+5.9%), Republic of Korea(-34.7%), Russian Federation(-15.2%), United kingdom(+25.2%), United States(+47.4%), compared to the same period the previous crop year.
The unit value of intra-EU exports stood at €364 per 100kg (-5.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or -3.1% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 10 373.3 tonnes (+21.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or +7% compared to the previous month).
The IOC’s figures for Greece from December of the 2020/2021 crop year put unit value index of exports at 78.8 (+33.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -2.4% compared to the previous month).
the unit value of extra-EU exports stood at €385 per 100kg (-4.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or +1.7% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 2 184.8 tonnes (+7.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0% compared to the previous month). The volume exported to United States was -5.8% compared to the same period the previous crop year.
The unit value of intra-EU exports stood at €284 per 100kg (+15.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -1.6% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 17 204.8 tonnes (+10.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.2% compared to the previous month).
The IOC’s figures for Portugal from December of the 2020/2021 crop year put the unit value index of exports at 70.3 (+18.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or -5.4% compared to the previous month).
The unit value of extra-EU exports stood at €355 per 100kg (-2.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.9% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 5 192.7 tonnes (+12.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or -39.6% compared to the previous month). The volume exported to Brazil was +15.2% compared to the same period the previous crop year.
The unit value of intra-EU exports stood at €240 per 100kg (+0.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -4.7% compared to the previous month) while the export volume stood at 16 393.8 tonnes (-21.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or +26.7% compared to the previous month).
1. Extra-EU
In December of the 2020/2021 crop year, the unit value index of the extra-EU in stood at 75 (+10% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.6% compared to the previous month).
In December, The unit value of exports stood at €337 per 100kg (-3.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or +4% compared to the previous month).
In December, The volume of exports in stood at 64 153.1 tonnes (+22.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -11.9% compared to the previous month). Exports mainly went to Australia(+17.2%), Brazil(+14.1%), Canada(+58.7%), China(-7.3%), Japan(-15.1%), Republic of Korea(-20.6%), Russian Federation(-1.5%), United States(+29.4%), compared to the same period the previous crop year.
Extra virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 79.2 (+10.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or +4.8% compared to the previous month).
In December,The unit value of exports stood at €367.7 per 100kg (-3% compared to the same period previous crop year or +4.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 44 817.5 tonnes (+25.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or -10.2% compared to the previous month).
Virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 68.7 (-8.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €358.9 per 100kg (-15.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the export volume stood at 1 096 tonnes (+24.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -24.5% compared to the previous month).
Refined olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 74.4 (+12.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €257.4 per 100kg (-5.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0% compared to the previous month).
In December, the export volume stood at 18 102.9 tonnes (+16.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -15.2% compared to the previous month).
Pomace olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 69.3 (+7.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +1.9% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood att €157 per 100kg (-8.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +1.8% compared to the previous month).
In December, the export volume stood at 8 391.6 tonnes (+26.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or -5.6% compared to the previous month).
1.1 Olive oil
1.1.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
1.1.2 Export volume (tonnes)
1.1.3 Export value (€ - millions)
1.1.4 Export average price (€ / 100 kg)
1.2 Export unit value index
1.2.1 Export unit value index by product quality
1.2.2 Monthly export unit value index variation rates (%)
1.2.3 Month over month export unit value index variation rates (%)
1.3 Export by product quality
1.3.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
1.3.2 Export volume (tonnes)
1.4 Olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
1.4.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
1.4.2 Export volume (tonnes)
1.5 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
1.5.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
1.5.2 Export volume (tonnes)
1.6 Flows
1.6.1 Extra-EU (2019/2020) (×1000t)
2 Intra-EU
2.1 Olive oil
2.1.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
2.1.2 Export volume (tonnes)
2.1.3 Export value (€ - millions)
2.1.4 Export average price (€ / 100 kg)
2.2 Flows
2.2.1 Intra-EU (2019/2020) (×1000t)
3. Spain
In December of the 2020/2021 crop year, the unit value index of extra-EU exports stood at 78 (+25.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.9% compared to the previous month).
Extra-EU
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €290 per 100kg (-1.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +4.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 37 208.8 tonnes (+25.6% compared to the same period previous crop year or -10.1% compared to the previous month). Exports mainly went to Australia(+7.9%), Brazil(+23.4%), Canada(+271.4%), China(+6%), Japan(-25%), Republic of Korea(-16.1%), Russian Federation(+4.2%), United kingdom(+122.9%), United States(+22.3%), compared to the same period the previous crop year.
Extra virgin olive oil:
Intra-EU
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €247 per 100kg (+7.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 45 284.1 tonnes (+6.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -6.7% compared to the previous month).
Extra virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 81.5 (+27.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €287.7 per 100kg (+6.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 52 177.9 tonnes (+12% compared to the same period previous crop year or -6.3% compared to the previous month).
Virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 80.8 (+28.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or +5.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €236.2 per 100kg (+1.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +5.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 7 554.7 tonnes (-0.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or +14.6% compared to the previous month).
Refined olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 75.9 (+22.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €228.4 per 100kg (-0.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.5% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 20 768.5 tonnes (+26.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or -10.4% compared to the previous month).
Pomace olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 71.2 (+23.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +1.9% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €145 per 100kg (-1.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or +1.9% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 9 639.1 tonnes (+32.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -12.5% compared to the previous month).
3.1 Olive oil
3.1.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
3.1.2 Export volume (tonnes)
3.1.3 Export value (€ - millions)
3.1.4 Export average price (€ / 100 kg)
3.2 Export unit value index
3.2.1 Export unit value index by product quality
3.2.2 Monthly export unit value index variation rates (%)
3.2.3 Month over month export unit value index variation rates (%)
3.3 Export by product quality
3.3.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
3.3.2 Export volume (tonnes)
3.4 Olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
3.4.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
3.4.2 Export volume (tonnes)
3.5 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
3.5.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
3.5.2 Export volume (tonnes)
3.6 Olive oil export unit value by country (Intra-EU)
3.6.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
3.6.2 Export volume (tonnes)
3.7 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Intra-EU)
3.7.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
3.7.2 Export volume (tonnes)
4. Italy
In December of the 2020/2021 crop year, the unit value index of exports stood at 81.7 (+8.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.2% compared to the previous month).
Extra-EU
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €411 per 100kg (-5.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 18 763 tonnes (+22.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or -4.3% compared to the previous month). Exports mainly went to Australia(+34.3%), Brazil(-20.3%), Canada(+15.2%), China(-57.5%), Japan(+5.9%), Republic of Korea(-34.7%), Russian Federation(-15.2%), United kingdom(+25.2%), United States(+47.4%), compared to the same period the previous crop year.
Extra virgin olive oil:
Intra-EU
In December stood at, the unit value of exports €364 per 100kg (-5.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or -3.1% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 10 373.3 tonnes (+21.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or +7% compared to the previous month).
Extra virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 82.6 (+6.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €408.8 per 100kg (-7.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.3% compared to the previous month).
In December stood at, the volume of exports stood at December stood at 24 512.5 tonnes (+29% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.3% compared to the previous month).
Virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 72 (-15.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -0.8% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €431.4 per 100kg (-25% compared to the same period previous crop year or -0.7% compared to the previous month).
In December stood at, the volume of exports stood at 405.3 tonnes (+63.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -36.2% compared to the previous month).
Refined olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 82.9 (+16.6% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €306.5 per 100kg (-5.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.6% compared to the previous month).
In December stood at, the volume of exports stood at 3 935.8 tonnes (-1.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or -14.7% compared to the previous month).
Pomace olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 64.9 (+9.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or -8.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €117 per 100kg (-17.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -8.3% compared to the previous month).
In December stood at, the volume of exports stood at 4 779.4 tonnes (+30.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.1% compared to the previous month).
4.1 Olive oil
4.1.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
4.1.2 Export volume (tonnes)
4.1.3 Export value (€ - millions)
4.1.4 Export average price (€ / 100 kg)
4.2 Export unit value index
4.2.1 Export unit value index by product quality
4.2.2 Monthly export unit value index variation rates (%)
4.2.3 Month over month export unit value index variation rates (%)
4.3 Export by product quality
4.3.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
4.3.2 Export volume (tonnes)
4.4 Olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
4.4.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
4.4.2 Export volume (tonnes)
4.5 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
4.5.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
4.5.2 Export volume (tonnes)
4.6 Olive oil export unit value by country (Intra-EU)
4.6.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
4.6.2 Export volume (tonnes)
4.7 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Intra-EU)
4.7.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
4.7.2 Export volume (tonnes)
5. Greece
In December of the 2020/2021 crop year, the unit value index of exports stood at 78.8 (+33.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -2.4% compared to the previous month).
Extra-EU
In December, yhe unit value of exports stood at €385 per 100kg (-4.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or +1.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 2 184.8 tonnes (+7.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0% compared to the previous month). The volume exported to United States was -5.8% compared to the same period the previous crop year.
Extra virgin olive oil:
Intra-EU
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €284 per 100kg (+15.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -1.6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 17 204.8 tonnes (+10.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +0.2% compared to the previous month).
Extra virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 80.2 (+26.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -2.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €305.5 per 100kg (+3.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or -2.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 16 847.2 tonnes (+33.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.6% compared to the previous month).
Virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 89.7 (+31.3% compared to the same period previous crop year or +80.8% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €277.7 per 100kg (-14.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +80.8% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 262.5 tonnes (-34% compared to the same period previous crop year or -43.6% compared to the previous month).
Refined olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 92.5 (+61.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -10.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €257.4 per 100kg (+36.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -10.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 1 201.7 tonnes (-16.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or +26.3% compared to the previous month).
Pomace olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 82 (+60.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or -34.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €81.1 per 100kg (-4.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -34.2% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 6 553.4 tonnes (+21.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or +330.4% compared to the previous month).
5.1 Olive oil
5.1.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
5.1.2 Export volume (tonnes)
5.1.3 Export value (€ - millions)
5.1.4 Export average price (€ / 100 kg)
5.2 Export unit value index
5.2.1 Export unit value index by product quality
5.2.2 Monthly export unit value index variation rates (%)
5.2.3 Month over month export unit value index variation rates (%)
5.3 Export by product quality
5.3.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
5.3.2 Export volume (tonnes)
5.4 Olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
5.4.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
5.4.2 Export volume (tonnes)
5.5 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
5.5.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
5.5.2 Export volume (tonnes)
5.6 Olive oil export unit value by country (Intra-EU)
5.6.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
5.6.2 Export volume (tonnes)
5.7 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Intra-EU)
5.7.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
5.7.2 Export volume (tonnes)
6. Portugal
In December of the 2020/2021 crop year, The unit value index of exports stood at 70.3 (+18.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or -5.4% compared to the previous month).
Extra-EU
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €355 per 100kg (-2.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or +3.9% compared to the previous month).
In December, The volume of exports stood at 5 192.7 tonnes (+12.8% compared to the same period previous crop year or -39.6% compared to the previous month). The volume exported to Brazil was +15.2% compared to the same period the previous crop year.
Extra virgin olive oil:
Intra-EU
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €240 per 100kg (+0.5% compared to the same period previous crop year or -4.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 16 393.8 tonnes (-21.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or +26.7% compared to the previous month).
Extra virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 71.7 (+17.9% compared to the same period previous crop year or -6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €281.5 per 100kg (+1.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -6% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 17 508.1 tonnes (-13.2% compared to the same period previous crop year or +2.3% compared to the previous month).
Virgin olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 85.1 (+31.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or -12.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €254.3 per 100kg (+10.1% compared to the same period previous crop year or -12.3% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 243 tonnes (-46% compared to the same period previous crop year or +20.5% compared to the previous month).
Refined olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 68.9 (+7% compared to the same period previous crop year or -7.4% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €264.2 per 100kg (-10.7% compared to the same period previous crop year or -7.5% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 1 455.3 tonnes (+20.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or -44.4% compared to the previous month).
Pomace olive oil
In December, the unit value index of exports stood at 121.2 (+73.4% compared to the same period previous crop year or +50.7% compared to the previous month).
In December, the unit value of exports stood at €136.9 per 100kg (+49.6% compared to the same period previous crop year or +50.8% compared to the previous month).
In December, the volume of exports stood at 865.2 tonnes (-2.6% compared to the same period previous crop year or -0.4% compared to the previous month).
6.1 Olive oil
6.1.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
6.1.2 Export volume (tonnes)
6.1.3 Export value (€ - millions)
6.1.4 Export average price (€ / 100 kg)
6.2 export unit value index
6.2.1 Export unit value index by product quality
6.2.2 Monthly export unit value index variation rates (%)
6.2.3 Month over month export unit value index variation rates (%)
6.3 Export by product quality
6.3.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
6.3.2 Export volume (tonnes)
6.4 Olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
6.4.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
6.4.2 Export volume (tonnes)
6.5 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Extra-EU)
6.5.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
6.5.2 Export volume (tonnes)
6.6 Olive oil export unit value by country (Intra-EU)
6.6.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
6.6.2 Export volume (tonnes)
6.7 Extra virgin olive oil export by country (Intra-EU)
6.7.1 Export unit value (€ / 100 kg)
6.7.2 Export volume (tonnes)
Contact: International Olive Council - Economic and Promotion Unit - Economic Research and Statistics Department https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/
IOC own elaboration based on data from the European Commission; EUROSTAT; the Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Spain; ISMEA (Italy); and information provided by member countries.
In order to make the historical data comparable the figures have been calculated for the EU-27. The United Kingdom is no longer a Member State of the European Union, however until the end of the transition period, 31 January 2020, it is still part of the EU Customs Union.
Some of the data are subject to review. Estimates are subject to change or correction without notice.
Olive crop year means the period from 1 October of year t to 30 September of year t+1 for olive oil.
Trade value in FOB type (free on board).
Export unit value in € / 100 kg.
Export value in € (1 millions = 106; 1 billion = 109).
Export volume in tonnes, 1t=1000kg=1Mg.
The unit value index of exports is based on Paasche’ Chain Index method. The data are not seasonally adjusted. The unit value is calculated as (trade value)/quantity. The Average price is calculated using a mean trimmed by 10%.
Harmonized System Codes: Olive oil = 15091020+15091010+15091080+15099000.
15091010 Virgin lampante; 15091020 Extra virgin olive oil; 15091080 Virgin olive oil; 15099000 Refined olive oil; 15100010 Crude olive-pomace oil; 15100090 Refined olive-pomace oil;